![]() Therefore, we know that there will be no shortage of readers for our collection of Roman History Books in PDF format, where you can learn for free about an Empire that developed between wars, invasions, a large number of kings and heroic characters. Our findings have implications for sociological work on how ideas are constructed through time, and how social scientists grappling with macro-level change build on enduring ontologies.The history of Rome spans some 3,000 years, a very long period that constitutes the foundational stage of Western civilization. The other analyzes decline in structural terms and presents it as irreversible. One sees decline stemming from a mix of moral and structural causes, and as potentially reversible. Modern authors can be divided into two groups. We find that ancient authors generally saw decline as inevitable and stemming primarily from moral causes. We do not seek to determine whether each author's analysis is ‘correct.’ Rather, we want to explain how authors in each era constructed their arguments and to whom they directed their writings, and understand how modes of analysis and exposition have changed over the millennia. In so doing, we trace the development of a key idea about society through the longue durée. Our goal in this article is to compare how writers in ancient Rome and the contemporary United States understood the trajectories of their societies, and to account for why some of those authors saw decline as inevitable while others proposed policies to reverse the problems they diagnosed. Great powers in transition produce intellectuals who explain that transition as decline.
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